- Articles
- The Definite Article
|
Nom.
|
Gen.
|
Dat.
|
Acc.
|
Masculine
|
þa, þɴ
|
þas |
þм
|
þɴ |
Feminine
|
þa, þɴ |
þer(a) |
þer(a) |
þa, þɴ |
Neuter
|
þet
|
þas
|
þм |
þet
|
Plural (all)
|
þa, þɴ |
þer(a) |
þм |
þa, þɴ |
- The definite article is often written as an abbreviation, [thaet], which was common to many germanic languages during the literary age. (See appdx iv.) This could be written alone or in conjunxion with a letter to indicate case, or after a combining preposition.
- When þa is used before a vowel, it becomes þɴ (much like the difference in english between “a” and “an”). This applies to the masculine, feminine, and plural forms in the nominative case and the feminine and plural of the accusative. (The masculine accusative is always þɴ.)
- Northeadish, like the east and west germanic languages uses a modified form of the demonstrative sa to form the definite article. (North germanic uses a form of a different demonstrative, hinz.)
- The Indefinite Article
|
Nom. |
Gen. |
Dat. |
Acc. |
Masculine |
ǣn(ʀ) |
ǣn(a)s |
ǣnм |
ǣnɴ |
Feminine
|
ǣna |
ǣnʀ |
ǣnʀ |
ǣna |
Neuter
|
ænt |
ǣn(a)s |
ǣnм |
ænt |
- Note that the primary vowel of the nominative and accusative neuter form is shortened when -t is added. This also occurs in those possessive and demonstrative forms ending in -n.
- The Dual and Tertial (Trial) Articles
- Dual Article
|
Nom. |
Gen. |
Dat. |
Acc. |
Masculine |
tvǣ(r) |
tvǣg |
tvǣm |
tvan |
Feminine
|
twō(r) |
tvǣg |
tvǣm |
twō(r) |
Neuter
|
twō(r) |
tvǣg |
tvǣm |
twō(r) |
- Dual Distributive
|
Nom.
|
Gen.
|
Dat.
|
Acc.
|
Masculine |
bǣðþ |
bǣg |
bǣðм |
bǣðɴ |
Feminine
|
bōðþ |
bǣg |
bǣðм |
bōðþ |
Neuter
|
bōðþ |
bǣg |
bǣðм |
bōðþ |
- Tertial (Trial) Article
|
Nom.
|
Gen.
|
Dat.
|
Acc.
|
Masculine |
þrī(r)
|
þrǣg |
þrem |
þren
|
Feminine
|
þrī(r) |
þrǣg |
þrem |
þren |
Neuter
|
þrī(r) |
þrǣg |
þrem |
þrī(r) |
- Tertial Distributive
|
Nom. |
Gen. |
Dat. |
Acc. |
Masculine |
þrǣðþ |
þrǣg |
þrem,þrǣðм |
þrǣðɴ |
Feminine
|
þrǣðþ |
þrǣg |
þrem,þrǣðм |
þrǣðþ |
Neuter
|
þrǣðþ |
þrǣg |
þrem,þrǣðм |
þrǣðþ |
- The numbers two and three are not truly articles, but declinable
numerals, as is the indefinite article. They decline as adjectives, though their declension is
highly irregular. Those declensions followers by -(r) in the paradigm
take a final -r before a vowel. Other numerals are not declinable.
- Numerals
- Cardinal Numbers
1
|
ǣn |
13 |
þrītehɴ |
30 |
þrītag |
2
|
tvō
|
14
|
fewrtehɴ |
40
|
fewrtag |
3 |
þrī |
15
|
femtehɴ |
50
|
femtag |
4
|
fewr
|
16
|
secstehɴ |
60
|
secstag |
5 |
fem
|
17 |
sevɴtehɴ
|
70
|
sevɴtag |
6 |
secs |
18 |
ah(ta)tehɴ
|
80 |
ah(ta)tag |
7 |
sevɴ |
19 |
neʒɴtehɴ
|
90 |
neʒɴtag |
8 |
ahta
|
20 |
tvæntag
|
100 |
hunðþ, tehɴtag |
9 |
neʒɴ |
21 |
tvæntagǣn |
110 |
hunðþtehɴ, æleftag
|
10 |
tehɴ |
22 |
tvæntagtvō |
120 |
hunðþtvæntag, tvæleftag
|
11 |
ælevf
|
23 |
tvæntagþrī |
200 |
tvōhunðþ |
12 |
tvælevf
|
24 |
tvæntagfewr |
1000 |
þūshunðþ |
- When counting, the neuter forms of declinable numbers are used except for one, which takes the masculine form. This does not merely apply to the numbers 1-3, but also 21-23, 31-33, 101-103, &c.
- The numbers 100, 110, and 120 may also be referred to as tehɴtag (tenty), æleftag (eleventy), and tvæleftag (twelfty), harkening back to a partial duodecimal numbering system.
- Ordinal Numbers
1
|
fᵫrst |
13 |
þrītehɴþ |
30 |
þrītagaðþ |
2
|
anðʀ |
14
|
feðʀtehɴþ |
40
|
fewrtagaðþ |
3 |
þrīðþ |
15
|
femtehɴþ |
50
|
femtagaðþ |
4
|
fewrðþ
|
16
|
secstehɴþ |
60
|
secstagaðþ |
5 |
femðþ
|
17 |
sevɴtehɴþ
|
70
|
sevɴtagaðþ |
6 |
secsþ |
18 |
ahttehɴþ
|
80 |
ah(ta)tagaðþ |
7 |
sevɴþ |
19 |
neʒɴtehɴþ
|
90 |
neʒɴtagaðþ |
8 |
ahtaðþ |
20 |
tvæntacþ
|
100 |
hunðaðþ, tehɴtagaðþ |
9 |
neʒɴþ |
21 |
tvæntagfᵫrst |
110 |
hunðþtehɴþ, æleftagaðþ |
10 |
tehɴþ |
22 |
tvæntaganðʀ |
120 |
hunðþtvæntagaðþ, tvæleftagaðþ |
11 |
ælefþ
|
23 |
tvæntagþrīðþ |
200 |
twōhunðaðþ |
12 |
tvælefþ
|
24 |
tvæntagfewrðþ |
1000 |
þūshunðaðþ |
- The ordinal numbers follow the same irregular pattern for all numbers ending in -1 (fᵫrst) or -2 (anðʀ). The rest of the ordinal numbers are formed by adding -(ð)þ to the end of the number.
- The cardinal numbers are always declined as regular weak adjectives.
- Possessives and Demonstratives
|
Nom.
|
Gen.
|
Dat.
|
Acc.
|
Masculine
|
mīn(ʀ) |
mīnas |
mīnм |
mīnɴ |
Feminine
|
mīna |
mīnʀ |
mīnʀ |
mīna |
Neuter
|
ment |
mīnas |
mīnм |
ment |
Plural (all)
|
mīna |
mīnʀ |
mīnм |
mīna |
- The following possessives and demonstratives are declines in this manner: hat, her, hes, hīr, ƕat, ƕālec, ƕeras, ƕes, ƕīs, jǣnʀ jȳŋcʀ, jȳr, mīn, nat, nes, nǣn, ɴsʀ, ӿcʀ, sīn, sīr, þat, þæs, þīn.
- The long vowels in þīn, hīr, ƕīs, jȳr, mīn, nǣn, sīn, and sīr are shortened in the neuter nominative and accusative declensions, like the indefinite article.
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